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Язык древнего северного Леванта
retrograde: Я уже постил это вроде, пусть будет ещё отдельно, если будет какой-то подробный разбор. Наткнулся на одном форуме на пару цитат: I. J. Gelb, The Early History of the West Semitic Peoples, at Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 15, № 1 (1961), pp. 39-40 [quote]The ethnic reconstruction of the earliest Syria given above is not fully paralleled by that obtained from the study of Syrian geographical names. We are now fortunate in possessing extensive information in the form of some three hundred place names, found in the texts from the Alalaḫ VII and IV periods, which shed important light upon the toponymic situation of the Alalaḫ-Aleppo region. Out of all these names I have found only four which are presumably Semitic, namely Dimat, Ḫurṣānu, Ḫuribte, and Maraba, while all other geographic names are non-Semitic. Many of these non-Semitic names can be grouped by their suffixes: -uwa in Azazuwa, Suḫaruwa, Ušuwa, etc.; -ija in Iburija, Kubija, Kuzubija, Uwija, etc.; -ik in Apratik, Arazik, Adabik, Jarabik, etc.; -ka in Arnika, Unika, and Šanuka? (or Tabega); -(a)še in Annaše, Arinnaše, Awirraše, Ḫutiluraše, Tarmanaše, etc. Kupper (pp. 235 and 241) gives a simple answer to the question of what language is represented in these non-Semitic names of Alalaḫ; to him they are Hurrian. This answer does not appear satisfactory to me, because at least the suffixes –uwa, -ija, and –ka often occur in names from areas or periods which cannot be called Hurrian. As far as I am concerned, names with these suffixes and the great majority of Alalaḫ geographical names are of unknown linguistic affiliation; only the names with the -(a)še suffix can legitimately be called Hurrian because of parallels in Hurrian milieus, such as Nuzi, but not outside the Hurrian area. Much more information on the ethnic situation of Syria can be obtained from the El-Amarna, Boğazköy, and Ugarit sources. Being later in time than the Alalaḫ VII and IV sources, they testify to a growing Hurrian expansion. Especially valuable in this respect are the numerous Ugarit materials (pp. 235f.). Agreeing with Alalaḫ VII and IV, the three main classes of population at Ugarit are of Semitic, Hurrian, and unknown origin, but the proportion of Semites to others is much greater at Ugarit than in the North. Similar conclusions can be drawn on the basis of geographical names. The major part of these names is still of unknown background. As at Alalaḫ, these names can be recognized by the suffixes -uwa (Arruwa, Ulmuwa, Zazaḫaruwa), -ija (Ananija, Aranija, Ja’nija), -ik (Atallik = ’TLG), -ka (Ḫurika, Šammiga, Šatega, etc.). The Hurrians are represented by names with the suffix -(a)ši (Ḫišmaraši, Ḫunduraši, etc.). Again, the striking difference between Ugarit, on the one hand, and Alalaḫ, on the other, lies in the much stronger proportion of Semitic geographical names at Ugarit. This may be due partly to difference in time, partly to difference in geographic location. Situated as it was between the Alalaḫ-Aleppo region in the North and the Phoenician coast in the South, Ugarit may have been more exposed to the Semitic influence emanating from the South than were the areas situated north of Ugarit.[/quote] Там же, стр. 41 [quote]In respect to the question Semitic : non-Semitic, the ethnic situation in the South, that is, in Palestine and along the Phoenician Coast, differs thoroughly from that reconstructed above for the North. The Egyptian Execration Texts attest for Palestine only West Semitic personal and geographical names and a small group of names which cannot be interpreted at the present time, but no trace of anything that might safely be called Hurrian. The EA sources, a few centuries later, list a large number of Semitic names, most of them agreeing in structure both with the names of the older Execration Texts and the younger O.T. The non-Semitic geographical names of Palestine and Phoenicia occurring in the EA sources such as Lakiša = Lachish in Palestine and Ammija in Phoenicia, are exceedingly few. The corresponding personal names in this area are either West Semitic or Hurrian. The evidence of the Execration Texts, contrasted with that of the EA sources, shows clearly that Hurrians are newcomers in Palestine and Phoenicia. Certain important conclusions can be drawn for the whole Syro-Palestinian area. (1) The oldest attested population of Syria is unknown ethnic affiliation, followed by West Semites, and then by Hurrians, while the oldest attested population of Palestine and the Phoenician Coast is West Semitic, followed by Hurrians. (2) Palestine and the Phoenician Coast were settled by West Semites long before Syria was. (3) Palestine, and perhaps the Phoenician Coast, may represent the original habitat of the West Semites.[/quote] Если примерно в районе Алалаха - Алеппо был какой-то неизвестный язык до семитских и хурритского, то что это было? К каким археологическим культурам это население могло восходить?
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ВЛАДИМИР-III: thrary пишет: Пишуть, що у Туреччині, точніше у центральному Курдистані розкопали щось, чому років на тисячу більше ніж Гельбюклі-тепе. Посмотрю. Мир оказывается всегда гораздо сложнее, чем мы думали сначала. Хотя см. мои хронологии. thrary пишет: Давній світ був значно стррокатіший ніж сучасний. Там могло бути все що завгодно. Але звертаючи увагу, що семіти мали схильність до тотального геноциду місцевого населення -- наврядче там хтось із автохтонів міг лишитися. А так до того там жили натуфійці. Смотрите Новую Гвинею. Неолитический мир был в языковом отношении похож на нее.
thrary: ВЛАДИМИР-III пишет: Смотрите Новую Гвинею. Неолитический мир был в языковом отношении похож на нее. Не на територіях, що контролювали семіти.
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